Treffer: Vocalizations Reveal Species Differences in Endangered Lion Tamarins (Primates, Callitrichidae).
Title:
Vocalizations Reveal Species Differences in Endangered Lion Tamarins (Primates, Callitrichidae).
Authors:
Manzano MCR; Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; Graduate Program in Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; IPÊ-Institute for Ecological Research, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil., Sawaya RJ; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil., Rezende GC; IPÊ-Institute for Ecological Research, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil., Silva MLD; Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Source:
American journal of primatology [Am J Primatol] 2026 Jan; Vol. 88 (1), pp. e70115.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8108949 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1098-2345 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02752565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Primatol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Publication: New York : Wiley-Blackwell
Original Publication: New York : Liss, c1981-
Original Publication: New York : Liss, c1981-
MeSH Terms:
References:
Altmann, S. A. 1967. Social Communication Among Primates. University of Chicago Press.
Bastos, M., A. Souto, G. Jones, et al. 2015. “Vocal Repertoire of Wild Blonde Capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and Contextual Use of Calls.” American Journal of Primatology 77, no. 6: 605–617.
Bezerra, B. M., and A. Souto. 2008. “Structure and Usage of the Vocal Repertoire of Callithrix jacchus.” International Journal of Primatology 29, no. 3: 671–701.
Boinski, S., E. Moraes, D. G. Kleiman, J. M. Dietz, and A. J. Baker. 1994. “Intra‐Group Vocal Behaviour in Wild Golden Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia: Honest Communication of Individual Activity.” Behaviour 130: 53–75.
Briseño‐Jaramillo, M., V. Biquand, A. Estrada, and A. Lemasson. 2017. “Vocal Repertoire of Free‐Ranging Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra): Call Types, Contexts, and Sex‐Related Contributions.” American Journal of Primatology 79, no. 5: e22630.
Castro, N., and C. Snowdon. 2000. “Development of Vocal Responses in Infant Cotton‐Top Tamarins.” Behaviour 137: 629–646.
Charif, R. A., A. M. Waack, and L. M. Strickman. 2010. Raven Pro 1.4 User's Manual. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Epple, G. 1968. “Comparative Studies on Vocalization in Marmoset Monkeys (Hapalidae).” Folia Primatologica 8: 1–40.
Ey, E., D. Pfefferle, and J. Fischer. 2007. “Do Age‐ and Sex‐Related Variations Reliably Reflect Body Size in Non‐Human Primate Vocalizations? A Review.” Primates 48: 253–267.
Fischer, J., R. Noser, and K. Hammerschmidt. 2013. “Bioacoustic Field Research: A Primer to Acoustic Analyses and Playback Experiments With Primates.” American Journal of Primatology 75, no. 7: 643–663.
Fitch, W. T. 1997. “Vocal Tract Length and Formant Frequency Dispersion Correlate With Body Size in Rhesus Macaques.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 2: 1213–1222.
Garber, P. A. 1994. “Phylogenetic Approach to the Study of Tamarin and Marmoset Social Systems.” American Journal of Primatology 34, no. 2: 199–219.
Garbino, G. S. T. 2015. “How Many Marmoset (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae) Genera Are There? A Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Multiple Morphological Systems.” Cladistics 31, no. 6: 652–678.
Garbino, G. S. T., and A. M. G. Martins‐Junior. 2018. “Phenotypic Evolution in Marmoset and Tamarin Monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a Revised Genus‐Level Classification.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 118: 156–171.
Garbino, G. S. T., G. C. Rezende, and R. S. Marcondes. 2014. “The Long Call of Leontopithecus caissara and Its Affinities With Other Lion Tamarins.” In Congress of the International Primatological Society, 25, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Garbino, G. S. T., G. C. Rezende, and C. Valladares‐Padua. 2016. “Pelage Variation and Distribution of the Black Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus.” Folia Primatologica 87: 244–261.
Halloy, M., and D. G. Kleiman. 1994. “Acoustic Structure of Long Calls in Free‐Ranging Groups of Golden Lion Tarnarins, Leontopithecus rosalia.” American Journal of Primatology 32: 303–310.
Hammerschmidt, K., J. D. Newman, M. Champoux, and S. J. Suomi. 2000. “Changes in Rhesus Macaque ‘Coo’ Vocalizations During Early Development.” Ethology 106, no. 10: 873–886.
Hauser, M. D. 1993. “The Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Vocalizations: Effects of Phylogeny, Body Weight, and Social Context.” American Naturalist 142, no. 3: 528–542.
Holzmann, I., and J. I. Areta. 2020. “Reduced Geographic Variation in Roars in Different Habitats Rejects the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis in the Black‐and‐Gold Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya).” Ethology 126, no. 1: 76–87.
Hotchkin, C. F., S. E. Parks, and D. J. Weiss. 2015. “Noise‐Induced Frequency Modifications of Tamarin Vocalizations: Implications for Noise Compensation in Nonhuman Primates.” PLoS One 10: e0130211.
Kleiman, D. G., and A. B. Rylands. 2002. Lion Tamarins Biology and Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press.
K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002. “Raven Pro: Interactive Sound Analysis Software (Version 1.6.3) [Computer software].” The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. https://ravensoundsoftware.com/.
Lisboa, C. A., F. D. C. Mendes, M. Silveira, and L. M. S. Aguiar. 2021. “The Vocal Repertoire of the Bearded Capuchin (Cebidae: Sapajus libidinosus): Implications for Understanding the Complexity of Neotropical Primate Communication.” Folia Primatologica 92, no. 3: 151–163.
Lobão‐Cruz, E. 2009. “Estrutura e Uso Do Repertório Vocal De Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Primates: Callitrichidae) Em Cativeiro.” Unpublished Master thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.
Ludwig, G., A. T. A. Nascimento, J. M. D. Miranda, M. Martins, L. Jerusalinsky, and R. A. Mittermeier. 2021. “Leontopithecus caissara.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T11503A206547044.
Manzano, M. C. R., D. A. Felippi, L. S. M. Sugai, R. J. Sawaya, M. L. Silva, and G. C. Rezende. 2024. “Calling for the Future of Conservation: A Protocol for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of an Arboreal Primate.” Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy e92: e922023122.
Mccomb, K., and S. Semple. 2005. “Coevolution of Vocal Communication and Sociality in Primates.” Biology Letters 1, no. 4: 381–385.
Mendes, S. L., J. M. E. Vielliard, and P. Marco Jr.. 2009. “The Vocal Identity of the Callithrix Species (Primates, Callitrichidae).” In The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation, edited by S. M. Ford, L. M. Porter, and L. C. Davis, 155–165. Springer.
Oliveira. 2005. “Comportamento De Brincadeira Em Micos‐Leões‐Dourados (Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766): Ontogenia, Aspectos Sociais e Interações Interespecíficas.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Oliveira, L. C., L. G. Neves, M. C. M. Kierulff, L. Jerusalinsky, R. A. Mittermeier, and A. B. Rylands. 2020. “Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Amended Version of 2020 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T40643A192327573.
Perez‐Sweeney, B. M., C. Valladares‐Padua, C. S. Martins, J. C. Morales, and D. J. Melnick. 2008. “Examination of the Taxonomy and Diversification of Leontopithecus Using the Mitochondrial Control Region.” International Journal of Primatology 29, no. 1: 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9224-7.
R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/.
Rezende, G., C. Knogge, F. Passos, et al. 2020. “Leontopithecus chrysopygus.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020,” e.T11505A17935400.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., C. A. Archer, and D. G. Kleiman. 2002. “Acoustic Differences Between Spontaneous and Induced Long Calls of Golden Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia.” Folia Primatologica 73, no. 2–3: 124–131.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., and D. G. Kleiman. 2002. “Conspicuousness and Complexity: Themes in Lion Tamarin Communication.” In Lion Tamarins: Biology and Conservation, edited by D. G. Kleiman and A. B. Rylands, Smithsonian Institution Press.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., A. Pissinatti, M. C. M. Kierulff, et al. 2021. “Leontopithecus rosalia (Amended Version of 2019 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T11506A192327291.
Sabatini, V., and C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda. 2008. “Acoustical Aspects of the Propagation of Long Calls of Wild Leontopithecus rosalia.” International Journal of Primatology 29: 207–223.
Sabatini, V., and C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda. 2010. “Does the Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia (Primates: Callitrichidae), Select a Location Whithin the Forest Strata for Long Distance Communication?” Zoologia (Curitiba) 27: 179–183.
Sabatini, V., C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda, and T. Dabelsteen. 2011. “Degradation Characteristics of Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia Two‐Phrase Long Calls: Implications for Call Detection and Ranging in the Evergreen Forest.” Bioacoustics 20, no. 2: 137–158.
Snowdon, C. T. 1993. “A Vocal Taxonomy of the Callitrichids.” In Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology, edited by A. B. Rylands, Oxford University Press.
Snowdon, C. T., A. Hodun, A. L. Rosenberger, and A. F. Coimbra‐Filho. 1986. “Long‐Call Structure and Its Relation to Taxonomy in Lion Tamarins.” American Journal of Primatology 11, no. 3: 253–261.
Teixeira Da Cunha, R. G., and R. W. Byrne. 2009. “The Use of Vocal Communication in Keeping the Spatial Cohesion of Groups: Intentionality and Specific Functions.” In South American Primates, edited by P. A. Garber, A. Estrada, J. C. BiccaMarques, E. W. Heymann, and K. B. Strier, 341–363. Springer.
Wickham, H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer‐Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
Zambolli, A. H. 2017. “O uso de Gravadores Automáticos Para a Detecção do Mico‐leão‐preto (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus).” Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro.
Zambolli, A. H., M. C. R. Manzano, L. K. Honda, G. C. Rezende, and L. Culot. 2022. “Performance of Autonomous Recorders to Detect a Cryptic and Endangered Primate Species, the Black Lion‐Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus).” American Journal of Primatology 85: e23454.
Bastos, M., A. Souto, G. Jones, et al. 2015. “Vocal Repertoire of Wild Blonde Capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and Contextual Use of Calls.” American Journal of Primatology 77, no. 6: 605–617.
Bezerra, B. M., and A. Souto. 2008. “Structure and Usage of the Vocal Repertoire of Callithrix jacchus.” International Journal of Primatology 29, no. 3: 671–701.
Boinski, S., E. Moraes, D. G. Kleiman, J. M. Dietz, and A. J. Baker. 1994. “Intra‐Group Vocal Behaviour in Wild Golden Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia: Honest Communication of Individual Activity.” Behaviour 130: 53–75.
Briseño‐Jaramillo, M., V. Biquand, A. Estrada, and A. Lemasson. 2017. “Vocal Repertoire of Free‐Ranging Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra): Call Types, Contexts, and Sex‐Related Contributions.” American Journal of Primatology 79, no. 5: e22630.
Castro, N., and C. Snowdon. 2000. “Development of Vocal Responses in Infant Cotton‐Top Tamarins.” Behaviour 137: 629–646.
Charif, R. A., A. M. Waack, and L. M. Strickman. 2010. Raven Pro 1.4 User's Manual. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Epple, G. 1968. “Comparative Studies on Vocalization in Marmoset Monkeys (Hapalidae).” Folia Primatologica 8: 1–40.
Ey, E., D. Pfefferle, and J. Fischer. 2007. “Do Age‐ and Sex‐Related Variations Reliably Reflect Body Size in Non‐Human Primate Vocalizations? A Review.” Primates 48: 253–267.
Fischer, J., R. Noser, and K. Hammerschmidt. 2013. “Bioacoustic Field Research: A Primer to Acoustic Analyses and Playback Experiments With Primates.” American Journal of Primatology 75, no. 7: 643–663.
Fitch, W. T. 1997. “Vocal Tract Length and Formant Frequency Dispersion Correlate With Body Size in Rhesus Macaques.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 2: 1213–1222.
Garber, P. A. 1994. “Phylogenetic Approach to the Study of Tamarin and Marmoset Social Systems.” American Journal of Primatology 34, no. 2: 199–219.
Garbino, G. S. T. 2015. “How Many Marmoset (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae) Genera Are There? A Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Multiple Morphological Systems.” Cladistics 31, no. 6: 652–678.
Garbino, G. S. T., and A. M. G. Martins‐Junior. 2018. “Phenotypic Evolution in Marmoset and Tamarin Monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a Revised Genus‐Level Classification.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 118: 156–171.
Garbino, G. S. T., G. C. Rezende, and R. S. Marcondes. 2014. “The Long Call of Leontopithecus caissara and Its Affinities With Other Lion Tamarins.” In Congress of the International Primatological Society, 25, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Garbino, G. S. T., G. C. Rezende, and C. Valladares‐Padua. 2016. “Pelage Variation and Distribution of the Black Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus.” Folia Primatologica 87: 244–261.
Halloy, M., and D. G. Kleiman. 1994. “Acoustic Structure of Long Calls in Free‐Ranging Groups of Golden Lion Tarnarins, Leontopithecus rosalia.” American Journal of Primatology 32: 303–310.
Hammerschmidt, K., J. D. Newman, M. Champoux, and S. J. Suomi. 2000. “Changes in Rhesus Macaque ‘Coo’ Vocalizations During Early Development.” Ethology 106, no. 10: 873–886.
Hauser, M. D. 1993. “The Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Vocalizations: Effects of Phylogeny, Body Weight, and Social Context.” American Naturalist 142, no. 3: 528–542.
Holzmann, I., and J. I. Areta. 2020. “Reduced Geographic Variation in Roars in Different Habitats Rejects the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis in the Black‐and‐Gold Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya).” Ethology 126, no. 1: 76–87.
Hotchkin, C. F., S. E. Parks, and D. J. Weiss. 2015. “Noise‐Induced Frequency Modifications of Tamarin Vocalizations: Implications for Noise Compensation in Nonhuman Primates.” PLoS One 10: e0130211.
Kleiman, D. G., and A. B. Rylands. 2002. Lion Tamarins Biology and Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press.
K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002. “Raven Pro: Interactive Sound Analysis Software (Version 1.6.3) [Computer software].” The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. https://ravensoundsoftware.com/.
Lisboa, C. A., F. D. C. Mendes, M. Silveira, and L. M. S. Aguiar. 2021. “The Vocal Repertoire of the Bearded Capuchin (Cebidae: Sapajus libidinosus): Implications for Understanding the Complexity of Neotropical Primate Communication.” Folia Primatologica 92, no. 3: 151–163.
Lobão‐Cruz, E. 2009. “Estrutura e Uso Do Repertório Vocal De Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Primates: Callitrichidae) Em Cativeiro.” Unpublished Master thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.
Ludwig, G., A. T. A. Nascimento, J. M. D. Miranda, M. Martins, L. Jerusalinsky, and R. A. Mittermeier. 2021. “Leontopithecus caissara.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T11503A206547044.
Manzano, M. C. R., D. A. Felippi, L. S. M. Sugai, R. J. Sawaya, M. L. Silva, and G. C. Rezende. 2024. “Calling for the Future of Conservation: A Protocol for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of an Arboreal Primate.” Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy e92: e922023122.
Mccomb, K., and S. Semple. 2005. “Coevolution of Vocal Communication and Sociality in Primates.” Biology Letters 1, no. 4: 381–385.
Mendes, S. L., J. M. E. Vielliard, and P. Marco Jr.. 2009. “The Vocal Identity of the Callithrix Species (Primates, Callitrichidae).” In The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation, edited by S. M. Ford, L. M. Porter, and L. C. Davis, 155–165. Springer.
Oliveira. 2005. “Comportamento De Brincadeira Em Micos‐Leões‐Dourados (Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766): Ontogenia, Aspectos Sociais e Interações Interespecíficas.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Oliveira, L. C., L. G. Neves, M. C. M. Kierulff, L. Jerusalinsky, R. A. Mittermeier, and A. B. Rylands. 2020. “Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Amended Version of 2020 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T40643A192327573.
Perez‐Sweeney, B. M., C. Valladares‐Padua, C. S. Martins, J. C. Morales, and D. J. Melnick. 2008. “Examination of the Taxonomy and Diversification of Leontopithecus Using the Mitochondrial Control Region.” International Journal of Primatology 29, no. 1: 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9224-7.
R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/.
Rezende, G., C. Knogge, F. Passos, et al. 2020. “Leontopithecus chrysopygus.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020,” e.T11505A17935400.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., C. A. Archer, and D. G. Kleiman. 2002. “Acoustic Differences Between Spontaneous and Induced Long Calls of Golden Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia.” Folia Primatologica 73, no. 2–3: 124–131.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., and D. G. Kleiman. 2002. “Conspicuousness and Complexity: Themes in Lion Tamarin Communication.” In Lion Tamarins: Biology and Conservation, edited by D. G. Kleiman and A. B. Rylands, Smithsonian Institution Press.
Ruiz‐Miranda, C. R., A. Pissinatti, M. C. M. Kierulff, et al. 2021. “Leontopithecus rosalia (Amended Version of 2019 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021,” e.T11506A192327291.
Sabatini, V., and C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda. 2008. “Acoustical Aspects of the Propagation of Long Calls of Wild Leontopithecus rosalia.” International Journal of Primatology 29: 207–223.
Sabatini, V., and C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda. 2010. “Does the Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia (Primates: Callitrichidae), Select a Location Whithin the Forest Strata for Long Distance Communication?” Zoologia (Curitiba) 27: 179–183.
Sabatini, V., C. R. Ruiz‐Miranda, and T. Dabelsteen. 2011. “Degradation Characteristics of Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia Two‐Phrase Long Calls: Implications for Call Detection and Ranging in the Evergreen Forest.” Bioacoustics 20, no. 2: 137–158.
Snowdon, C. T. 1993. “A Vocal Taxonomy of the Callitrichids.” In Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology, edited by A. B. Rylands, Oxford University Press.
Snowdon, C. T., A. Hodun, A. L. Rosenberger, and A. F. Coimbra‐Filho. 1986. “Long‐Call Structure and Its Relation to Taxonomy in Lion Tamarins.” American Journal of Primatology 11, no. 3: 253–261.
Teixeira Da Cunha, R. G., and R. W. Byrne. 2009. “The Use of Vocal Communication in Keeping the Spatial Cohesion of Groups: Intentionality and Specific Functions.” In South American Primates, edited by P. A. Garber, A. Estrada, J. C. BiccaMarques, E. W. Heymann, and K. B. Strier, 341–363. Springer.
Wickham, H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer‐Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
Zambolli, A. H. 2017. “O uso de Gravadores Automáticos Para a Detecção do Mico‐leão‐preto (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus).” Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro.
Zambolli, A. H., M. C. R. Manzano, L. K. Honda, G. C. Rezende, and L. Culot. 2022. “Performance of Autonomous Recorders to Detect a Cryptic and Endangered Primate Species, the Black Lion‐Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus).” American Journal of Primatology 85: e23454.
Grant Information:
001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; 307956/2022-9 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support; 2020/12658-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: acoustic communication; bioacoustics; conservation; interspecific variation; primates
SCR Organism:
Leontopithecus rosalia
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20260102 Date Completed: 20260102 Latest Revision: 20260128
Update Code:
20260129
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12757504
DOI:
10.1002/ajp.70115
PMID:
41479148
Database:
MEDLINE
Weitere Informationen
Acoustic communication is important for social cohesion and territory defense in forest primates, including the endangered lion tamarins (genus Leontopithecus). Although vocalizations of individual species have been studied, there is still no comparative analysis examining whether acoustic parameters can reliably distinguish among all four species. We hypothesized that species-specific differences in acoustic features allow discrimination among lion tamarin species, and we predicted that both spectral and temporal parameters would reveal interspecific variation. To test this, we analyzed seven shared vocalizations (long calls, whines, trills, rasps, clucks, tsicks, and peeps) from the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), and black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). Acoustic data were obtained from online sound libraries and analyzed using Raven Pro software. Spectral and temporal parameters, including frequency at 5% and 95%, peak frequency, center frequency, and bandwidth 90% were measured, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and nonparametric statistical tests to identify species-specific differences. Our results revealed significant interspecific differences across multiple vocalizations, with spectral parameters being the most relevant for distinguishing species, whereas temporal parameters contributed less. L. caissara emerged as the most acoustically distinct species, while L. rosalia and L. chrysopygus exhibited the greatest vocal similarity. In conclusion, this study provides the first comparative analysis of seven vocalization types across all four lion tamarin species, establishing an acoustic baseline, confirming the importance of spectral parameters for species differentiation, and demonstrating the potential of vocalizations for conservation applications.
(© 2025 The Author(s). American Journal of Primatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)