Treffer: Detecting the Undetected: Machine Learning in Early Disease Diagnosis.
Title:
Detecting the Undetected: Machine Learning in Early Disease Diagnosis.
Authors:
Source:
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology [Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol] 2025 Oct; Vol. 137 (4), pp. e70104.
Publication Type:
Journal Article; Review
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101208422 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-7843 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17427835 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Publication: <2005-> : Oxford : Blackwell
Original Publication: Copenhagen, Denmark : Oxford, UK : Nordic Pharmacological Society Distributed by Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004-
Original Publication: Copenhagen, Denmark : Oxford, UK : Nordic Pharmacological Society Distributed by Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004-
MeSH Terms:
References:
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Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: deep learning; early diagnosis; explainable AI; healthcare; machine learning
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20250904 Date Completed: 20250904 Latest Revision: 20250904
Update Code:
20250904
DOI:
10.1111/bcpt.70104
PMID:
40905080
Database:
MEDLINE
Weitere Informationen
Early detection of diseases is a critical pillar in advancing modern healthcare, offering timely interventions and better patient outcomes. This overview highlights a range of machine learning (ML) approaches that are transforming early disease diagnosis. We discuss how traditional supervised and unsupervised methods, alongside advanced deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques, are utilized to detect early disease markers, often before clinical symptoms appear. The paper begins with a discussion of ML fundamentals within healthcare, along with standard evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and AUC-ROC. It then explores various ML models, including supervised algorithms (support vector machines, decision trees and random forests), unsupervised methods (K-means, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis) and deep learning architectures (convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and transformers). Reinforcement learning's emerging role in healthcare is also examined. Practical applications across disease areas such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and infectious diseases are reviewed. We emphasize the importance of high-quality datasets, balanced data distribution and clinical relevance. Key challenges such as data scarcity, model interpretability, privacy, the risk of overdiagnosis and clinical integration are critically discussed. It underscores that the successful translation of these technologies from code to clinic hinges on a deep, bidirectional collaboration between data scientists and clinical experts to ensure that newly developed tools address real-world patient needs. The overview concludes with future directions, including explainable AI, federated learning, multimodal data fusion, real-time applications and quantum ML, charting the evolving path of early disease detection.
(© 2025 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)