Treffer: Language Development of Japanese Children Raised in Institutional Care.
Title:
Language Development of Japanese Children Raised in Institutional Care.
Authors:
Okumura Y; NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Kyoto, Japan., Higuchi H; NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Kyoto, Japan., Sakamoto Y; Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan., Minami Y; Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan., Mugitani R; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Social Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan., Ito K; Graduate School of Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan., Kobayashi T; NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.
Source:
Child: care, health and development [Child Care Health Dev] 2024 Nov; Vol. 50 (6), pp. e70000.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7602632 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2214 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03051862 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Child Care Health Dev Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
MeSH Terms:
References:
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., K. M. Bunkers, N. A. Dobrova‐Krol, et al. 2012. “The Development and Care of Institutionally Reared Children.” Child Development Perspectives 6: 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750‐8606.2011.00231.x.
Christopoulos, C., J. D. Bonvillian, and P. M. Crittenden. 1988. “Maternal Language Input and Child Maltreatment.” Infant Mental Health Journal 9: 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097‐0355(198824)9:4<272::AID‐IMHJ2280090403>3.0.CO;2‐M.
Cole, T. J., and P. J. Green. 1992. “Smoothing Reference Centile Curves: The LMS Method and Penalized Likelihood.” Statistics in Medicine 11: 1305–1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/SIM.4780111005.
Colton, M. J., and M. Williams. 1997. The World of Foster Care: An International Sourcebook on Foster Family Care Systems. Aldershot: Arena.
Courtney, M. E., and D. Iwaniec. 2009. Residential Care of Children: Comparative Perspectives. Vol. 2009. online ed. New York: Oxford Academic, 1 May 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309188.001.0001.
Cunningham, A. E., and K. E. Stanovich. 1997. “Early Reading Acquisition and Its Relation to Reading Experience and Ability 10 Years Later.” Developmental Psychology 33: 934–945. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012‐1649.33.6.934.
Demir‐Lira, Ö. E., L. R. Applebaum, S. GoldinMeadow, and S. C. Levine. 2019. “Parents' Early Book Reading to Children: Relation to Children's Later Language and Literacy Outcomes Controlling for Other Parent Language Input.” Developmental Science 22: e12764. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12764.
Dogru, Y. Y., G. Koc‐Arik, O. C. Doğru, and S. K. Berument. 2024. “Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Performance in 2‐ to 5‐Year‐Olds in Care: The Role of Different Care Types and Temperament.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 243: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105924.
Eigsti, I. M., and D. Cicchetti. 2004. “The Impact of Child Maltreatment on Expressive Syntax at 60 Months.” Developmental Science 7: 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐7687.2004.00325.x.
Feldman, H. M., P. S. Dale, T. F. Campbell, et al. 2005. “Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Parent Reports of Child Language at Ages 2 and 3 Years.” Child Development 76: 856–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.2005.00882.x.
Fenson, L., E. Bates, P. S. Dale, V. A. Marchman, J. S. Reznick, and D. J. Thal. 2007. MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventories: User's Guide and Technical Manual. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Giagazoglou, P., C. Kouliousi, M. Sidiropoulou, and A. Fahantidou. 2012. “The Effect of Institutionalization on Psychomotor Development of Preschool Aged Children.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 33: 964–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.016.
Gratier, M., E. Devouche, B. Guellai, R. Infanti, E. Yilmaz, and E. Parlato‐Oliveira. 2015. “Early Development of Turn‐Taking in Vocal Interaction Between Mothers and Infants.” Frontiers in Psychology 6: 1167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01167.
Law, J., and P. Roy. 2008. “Parental Report of Infant Language Skills: A Review of the Development and Application of the Communicative Development Inventories.” Child and Adolescent Mental Health 13: 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475‐3588.2008.00503.x.
Loman, M. M., K. L. Wiik, K. A. Frenn, S. D. Pollak, and M. R. Gunnar. 2009. “Postinstitutionalized Children's Development: Growth, Cognitive, and Language Outcomes.” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 30: 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181b1fd08.
Lum, J. A., M. Powell, L. Timms, and P. Snow. 2015. “A Meta‐Analysis of Cross Sectional Studies Investigating Language in Maltreated Children.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58: 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR‐L‐14‐0056.
McCall, R. B., C. J. Groark, B. N. Hawk, et al. 2019. “Early Caregiver‐Child Interaction and Children's Development: Lessons From the St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Intervention Research Project.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 22: 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567‐018‐0270‐9.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. (2022). “Survey of Social Welfare Institutions.” https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000833294.pdf.
Nelson, C. A., C. H. Zeanah, N. A. Fox, P. J. Marshall, A. T. Smyke, and D. Guthrie. 2007. “Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project.” Science 318: 1937–1940. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143921.
Nordahl‐Hansen, A., A. Kaale, and S. E. Ulvund. 2013. “Inter‐Rater Reliability of Parent and Preschool Teacher Ratings of Language in Children With Autism.” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7: 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.08.006.
Ogura, T., and T. Watamaki. 2004. The Japanese MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Gestures. Kyoto: Kyoto International Social Welfare Exchange Center.
Okumura, Y., and T. Kobayashi. 2022. “Effects of Maternal Picture Book Knowledge on Language Development of 15‐Month‐Olds.” Infant and Child Development 31: e2291. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2291.
Roben, C. K., P. M. Cole, and L. M. Armstrong. 2013. “Longitudinal Relations Among Language Skills, Anger Expression, and Regulatory Strategies in Early Childhood.” Child Development 84: 891–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12027.
Scott, K. A., J. A. Roberts, and S. Glennen. 2011. “How Well Do Children Who Are Internationally Adopted Acquire Language? A Meta‐Analysis.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54: 1153–1169. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092‐4388(2010/10‐0075).
St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Research Team. 2005. “Characteristics of Children, Caregivers, and Orphanages for Young Children in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 26: 477–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.06.002.
Stacks, A. M., M. Beeghly, T. Partridge, and C. Dexter. 2011. “Effects of Placement Type on the Language Developmental Trajectories of Maltreated Children From Infancy to Early Childhood.” Child Maltreatment 16: 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511427957.
Stasinopoulos, D. M., and R. A. Rigby. 2008. “Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 23: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.18637/JSS.V023.I07.
St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Research Team. 2008. “The Effects of Early Social‐Emotional and Relationship Experience on the Development of Young Orphanage Children.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 73: 1–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.2008.00483.x.
Sumer‐Büyükabacı, Ö., Y. Kisbu‐Sakarya, E. Etel, and B. Selçuk. 2021. “Developmental Change in Early Language and Cognitive Skills of Institution‐Reared Children as Compared to Their Parent‐Reared Peers.” Children and Youth Services Review 121: 105857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105857.
Suzuki, T. 2020. “A Basic Study on International Comparison of Child Welfare Systems: Focusing on the Child Protection Systems in Japan and Finland.” Journal of Human Life Design 16: 439–458. https://doi.org/10.34428/00012533 (in Japanese).
Tomasello, M., and C. B. Mervis. 1994. “The Instrument Is Great, but Measuring Comprehension Is Still a Problem.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59: 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.1994.tb00186.x.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., M. J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg, and F. Juffer. 2007. “Plasticity of Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference: Meta‐Analytic Evidence of Massive Catch‐Up After International Adoption.” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28: 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31811320aa.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., F. Juffer, and C. W. K. Poelhuis. 2005. “Adoption and Cognitive Development: A Meta‐Analytic Comparison of Adopted and Nonadopted Children's IQ and School Performance.” Psychological Bulletin 131: 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033‐2909.131.2.301.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., J. Palacios, E. J. S. Sonuga‐Barke, et al. 2011. “Children in Institutional Care: Delayed Development and Resilience.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 76: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.2011.00626.x.
Watamaki, T., and T. Ogura. 2004. The Japanese MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. Kyoto International Social Welfare Exchange Center.
Windsor, J., J. P. Benigno, C. A. Wing, et al. 2011. “Effect of Foster Care on Young Children's Language Learning.” Child Development 82: 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0002.
Windsor, J., L. E. Glaze, and S. F. Koga. 2007. “Language Acquisition With Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50: 1365–1381. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092‐4388(2007/095).
Yamamoto, M., H. Mezawa, K. Sakurai, and C. Mori. 2023. “Screen Time and Developmental Performance Among Children at 1‐3 Years of Age in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.” JAMA Pediatrics 177: 1168–1175. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3643.
Zajac, L., K. L. Raby, and M. Dozier. 2019. “Receptive Vocabulary Development of Children Placed in Foster Care and Children Who Remained With Birth Parents After Involvement With Child Protective Services.” Child Maltreatment 24: 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518808224.
Zhukova, M. A., S. A. Kornilov, S. N. Tseitlin, et al. 2020. “Early Lexical Development of Children Raised in Institutional Care in Russia.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 38: 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12314.
Zhukova, M. A., I. Ovchinnikova, T. I. Logvinenko, and E. L. Grigorenko. 2020. “Language Development of Children Raised in Institutional Settings: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Findings.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 169: 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20333.
Christopoulos, C., J. D. Bonvillian, and P. M. Crittenden. 1988. “Maternal Language Input and Child Maltreatment.” Infant Mental Health Journal 9: 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097‐0355(198824)9:4<272::AID‐IMHJ2280090403>3.0.CO;2‐M.
Cole, T. J., and P. J. Green. 1992. “Smoothing Reference Centile Curves: The LMS Method and Penalized Likelihood.” Statistics in Medicine 11: 1305–1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/SIM.4780111005.
Colton, M. J., and M. Williams. 1997. The World of Foster Care: An International Sourcebook on Foster Family Care Systems. Aldershot: Arena.
Courtney, M. E., and D. Iwaniec. 2009. Residential Care of Children: Comparative Perspectives. Vol. 2009. online ed. New York: Oxford Academic, 1 May 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309188.001.0001.
Cunningham, A. E., and K. E. Stanovich. 1997. “Early Reading Acquisition and Its Relation to Reading Experience and Ability 10 Years Later.” Developmental Psychology 33: 934–945. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012‐1649.33.6.934.
Demir‐Lira, Ö. E., L. R. Applebaum, S. GoldinMeadow, and S. C. Levine. 2019. “Parents' Early Book Reading to Children: Relation to Children's Later Language and Literacy Outcomes Controlling for Other Parent Language Input.” Developmental Science 22: e12764. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12764.
Dogru, Y. Y., G. Koc‐Arik, O. C. Doğru, and S. K. Berument. 2024. “Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Performance in 2‐ to 5‐Year‐Olds in Care: The Role of Different Care Types and Temperament.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 243: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105924.
Eigsti, I. M., and D. Cicchetti. 2004. “The Impact of Child Maltreatment on Expressive Syntax at 60 Months.” Developmental Science 7: 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐7687.2004.00325.x.
Feldman, H. M., P. S. Dale, T. F. Campbell, et al. 2005. “Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Parent Reports of Child Language at Ages 2 and 3 Years.” Child Development 76: 856–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.2005.00882.x.
Fenson, L., E. Bates, P. S. Dale, V. A. Marchman, J. S. Reznick, and D. J. Thal. 2007. MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventories: User's Guide and Technical Manual. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Giagazoglou, P., C. Kouliousi, M. Sidiropoulou, and A. Fahantidou. 2012. “The Effect of Institutionalization on Psychomotor Development of Preschool Aged Children.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 33: 964–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.016.
Gratier, M., E. Devouche, B. Guellai, R. Infanti, E. Yilmaz, and E. Parlato‐Oliveira. 2015. “Early Development of Turn‐Taking in Vocal Interaction Between Mothers and Infants.” Frontiers in Psychology 6: 1167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01167.
Law, J., and P. Roy. 2008. “Parental Report of Infant Language Skills: A Review of the Development and Application of the Communicative Development Inventories.” Child and Adolescent Mental Health 13: 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475‐3588.2008.00503.x.
Loman, M. M., K. L. Wiik, K. A. Frenn, S. D. Pollak, and M. R. Gunnar. 2009. “Postinstitutionalized Children's Development: Growth, Cognitive, and Language Outcomes.” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 30: 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181b1fd08.
Lum, J. A., M. Powell, L. Timms, and P. Snow. 2015. “A Meta‐Analysis of Cross Sectional Studies Investigating Language in Maltreated Children.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58: 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR‐L‐14‐0056.
McCall, R. B., C. J. Groark, B. N. Hawk, et al. 2019. “Early Caregiver‐Child Interaction and Children's Development: Lessons From the St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Intervention Research Project.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 22: 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567‐018‐0270‐9.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. (2022). “Survey of Social Welfare Institutions.” https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000833294.pdf.
Nelson, C. A., C. H. Zeanah, N. A. Fox, P. J. Marshall, A. T. Smyke, and D. Guthrie. 2007. “Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project.” Science 318: 1937–1940. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143921.
Nordahl‐Hansen, A., A. Kaale, and S. E. Ulvund. 2013. “Inter‐Rater Reliability of Parent and Preschool Teacher Ratings of Language in Children With Autism.” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7: 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.08.006.
Ogura, T., and T. Watamaki. 2004. The Japanese MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Gestures. Kyoto: Kyoto International Social Welfare Exchange Center.
Okumura, Y., and T. Kobayashi. 2022. “Effects of Maternal Picture Book Knowledge on Language Development of 15‐Month‐Olds.” Infant and Child Development 31: e2291. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2291.
Roben, C. K., P. M. Cole, and L. M. Armstrong. 2013. “Longitudinal Relations Among Language Skills, Anger Expression, and Regulatory Strategies in Early Childhood.” Child Development 84: 891–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12027.
Scott, K. A., J. A. Roberts, and S. Glennen. 2011. “How Well Do Children Who Are Internationally Adopted Acquire Language? A Meta‐Analysis.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54: 1153–1169. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092‐4388(2010/10‐0075).
St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Research Team. 2005. “Characteristics of Children, Caregivers, and Orphanages for Young Children in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 26: 477–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.06.002.
Stacks, A. M., M. Beeghly, T. Partridge, and C. Dexter. 2011. “Effects of Placement Type on the Language Developmental Trajectories of Maltreated Children From Infancy to Early Childhood.” Child Maltreatment 16: 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511427957.
Stasinopoulos, D. M., and R. A. Rigby. 2008. “Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 23: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.18637/JSS.V023.I07.
St. Petersburg‐USA Orphanage Research Team. 2008. “The Effects of Early Social‐Emotional and Relationship Experience on the Development of Young Orphanage Children.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 73: 1–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.2008.00483.x.
Sumer‐Büyükabacı, Ö., Y. Kisbu‐Sakarya, E. Etel, and B. Selçuk. 2021. “Developmental Change in Early Language and Cognitive Skills of Institution‐Reared Children as Compared to Their Parent‐Reared Peers.” Children and Youth Services Review 121: 105857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105857.
Suzuki, T. 2020. “A Basic Study on International Comparison of Child Welfare Systems: Focusing on the Child Protection Systems in Japan and Finland.” Journal of Human Life Design 16: 439–458. https://doi.org/10.34428/00012533 (in Japanese).
Tomasello, M., and C. B. Mervis. 1994. “The Instrument Is Great, but Measuring Comprehension Is Still a Problem.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59: 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.1994.tb00186.x.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., M. J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg, and F. Juffer. 2007. “Plasticity of Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference: Meta‐Analytic Evidence of Massive Catch‐Up After International Adoption.” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28: 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31811320aa.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., F. Juffer, and C. W. K. Poelhuis. 2005. “Adoption and Cognitive Development: A Meta‐Analytic Comparison of Adopted and Nonadopted Children's IQ and School Performance.” Psychological Bulletin 131: 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033‐2909.131.2.301.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., J. Palacios, E. J. S. Sonuga‐Barke, et al. 2011. “Children in Institutional Care: Delayed Development and Resilience.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 76: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.2011.00626.x.
Watamaki, T., and T. Ogura. 2004. The Japanese MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. Kyoto International Social Welfare Exchange Center.
Windsor, J., J. P. Benigno, C. A. Wing, et al. 2011. “Effect of Foster Care on Young Children's Language Learning.” Child Development 82: 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0002.
Windsor, J., L. E. Glaze, and S. F. Koga. 2007. “Language Acquisition With Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50: 1365–1381. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092‐4388(2007/095).
Yamamoto, M., H. Mezawa, K. Sakurai, and C. Mori. 2023. “Screen Time and Developmental Performance Among Children at 1‐3 Years of Age in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.” JAMA Pediatrics 177: 1168–1175. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3643.
Zajac, L., K. L. Raby, and M. Dozier. 2019. “Receptive Vocabulary Development of Children Placed in Foster Care and Children Who Remained With Birth Parents After Involvement With Child Protective Services.” Child Maltreatment 24: 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518808224.
Zhukova, M. A., S. A. Kornilov, S. N. Tseitlin, et al. 2020. “Early Lexical Development of Children Raised in Institutional Care in Russia.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 38: 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12314.
Zhukova, M. A., I. Ovchinnikova, T. I. Logvinenko, and E. L. Grigorenko. 2020. “Language Development of Children Raised in Institutional Settings: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Findings.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 169: 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20333.
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: institutional care; maltreatment; vocabulary development
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20241027 Date Completed: 20241027 Latest Revision: 20241028
Update Code:
20250114
DOI:
10.1111/cch.70000
PMID:
39462780
Database:
MEDLINE
Weitere Informationen
Background: Nurturing environments have a critical influence on children's language development. It is unclear to what extent nurturing environments in institutions influence children's language development.
Methods: The present study investigated the early lexical development in Japanese children raised in institutional care (IC) (N = 86; 10-33 months; 37 boys) and compared their lexical skills to a large sample of age peers being raised in biological family care (BFC) (N = 1897; 937 boys) using vocabulary checklists.
Results: Our results present three main findings: (1) Japanese IC children did not exhibit a delay in productive vocabulary compared with BFC children, although their comprehensive vocabulary was delayed; (2) IC children who experienced maltreatment showed poorer vocabulary scores than non-maltreated IC children; (3) both the duration at the institution and the number of books read to them significantly predicted children's vocabulary scores.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the Japanese institutions included in the present study did not show a negative impact, at least on productive vocabulary, and may competently foster children's language development. We discussed the relationship between institutional environments and children's language development.
(© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)